Factores de riesgo transdiagnósticos de los trastornos emocionales en adultos: una revisión sistemática / Transdiagnostic risk factors of emotional disorders in adults: A systematic review

La comorbilidad es más la regla que la excepción en salud mental y, sobre todo, en el caso de la ansiedad y la depresión. Los modelos transdiagnósticos estudian los procesos subyacentes para mejorar el tratamiento y la comprensión de la salud mental. Objetivo: Esta revisión sistemática busca evidencias sobre los factores de riesgo transdiagnósticos para la ansiedad y la depresión en la población clínica diagnosticada de estas condiciones psicopatológicas, analizando los diferentes tipos o categorías de factores identificados. Método: Se registró una revisión sistemática en PROSPERO (número de registro CRD42022370327) y se diseñó de acuerdo con las guías PRISMA-P. La calidad del estudio fue evaluada por dos revisores independientes con conocimiento del campo para reducir el posible sesgo. Resultados: Cincuenta y tres artículos fueron examinados y las variables transdiagnósticas fueron agrupadas en tres categorías: psicológicas, biológicas y socioculturales. Conclusiones: La categoría más estudiada fue la de variables psicológicas, en especial los procesos cognitivos, afecto negativo y neuroticismo, intolerancia a la incertidumbre, sensibilidad a la ansiedad. Los factores biológicos y socioculturales requieren más estudio para sustentar su enfoque transdiagnóstico.(AU)

Comorbidity is more the rule than the exception in mental health, specifically in the case of anxiety and depression. Transdiagnostic models studied the underlying processes to improve mental health treat-ment and understating. Objective:This systematic review searchs for evi-dence on transdiagnostic risk factors for anxiety and depression in the clin-ical population diagnosed with these psychopathological conditions, by an-alysing the different types or categories of factors identified.Methods:A sys-tematic review was registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42022370327) and was designed according to PRISMA-P guidelines. Two independent reviewers with field knowledge assessed the study quality to reduce bias.Results: Fifty-three articles were examined, and the transdi-agnostic variables were grouped into three categories: psychological, bio-logical, and sociocultural.Conclusions:The most studied category was that of psychological variables, especially cognitive processes, negative affect, and neuroticism, intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety sensitivity. Biological and sociocultural factors require more study to support their transdiagnos-tic approach.(AU)

Analyzing the Relationship Between Child-to-Parent Violence and Perceived Parental Warmth.

The relationship between child-to-parent violence (CPV) and the perceived parental warmth dimension has been well established. However, it is necessary to further investigate the nature of this relationship considering the involvement of other variables. The objective of this study was to analyze the role of cognitive (hostile attribution), emotional (anger), and social variables (deviant peer group and drug use) in the relationship between the perceived parental warmth dimension (warmth-communication and criticism-rejection) and CPV motivated by reactive or instrumental reasons. The community sample consisted of 1,599 Spanish adolescents (54.8% girls) between the ages of 12 and 18 years (M age = 14.6, SD = 1.6 years) from different secondary schools in Jaén (75.3%) and Oviedo (24.7%) (Spain). Each participant completed the Child-to-Parent Violence Questionnaire (CPV-Q), the Warmth Scale (WS), adolescents' version, the Social Information Processing (SIP) in Child-to-parent Conflicts Questionnaire and Deviant Peers and Drug Use Questionnaires. The results indicate that perceived parental warmth is negatively correlated with hostile attribution, adolescent anger, relationship with a deviant peer group, while perceived parental criticism is positively linked to these variables. Likewise, hostile attribution and adolescent anger are positively linked to reactive CPV. Relationship with a deviant peer group is associated with drug use, which also predicts both reactive and instrumental CPV. In sum, a lack of perceived parental warmth has important repercussions in the form of the psychological and social maladjustment of children, which in turn is differentially correlated with reactive or instrumental CPV. Thus, prevention and intervention programs for CPV should consider, on the one hand, working with parents on parental practices that incorporate parental warmth as a fundamental element and, on the other hand, working with children on cognitive, emotional, and social aspects, taking into account the different motivations for this type of violence.

Actitudes sexistas y reconocimiento del maltrato en parejas jóvenes / Sexist attitudes and recognition of abuse in young couples

OBJETIVO: Explorar la asociación entre las actitudes de rol de género y el reconocimiento del maltrato en jóvenes. DISEÑO: Estudio transversal. Emplazamiento: Cincuenta y siete centros de educación secundaria, formación profesional y universitaria de 5 provincias españolas (Huelva, Sevilla, A Coruña, Pontevedra y Asturias). PARTICIPANTES: Un total de 4.337 estudiantes de entre 15 y 26 años (40,6% chicos y 59,4% chicas) que mantuvieron una relación de pareja durante un mes o más. Mediciones principales: Se utilizó la Escala de Actitudes de Rol de Género, con 20 indicadores de actitudes igualitarias o sexistas a nivel familiar, social y laboral. También se estudió si la persona estaba en una situación de maltrato percibido (MP), maltrato no percibido (MNP) o no maltrato (NM). RESULTADOS: En el conjunto de la muestra, el 68,6% se declaró NM, el 26,4% vivía una situación de MNP y el 5,0% reconoció sufrir maltrato. El MP fue más frecuente entre las chicas (6,3%), en los/as ≥ 18 años (6,4%) y en el alumnado universitario (6,9%). El MNP fue más habitual en los chicos (30,2%). Las actitudes más sexistas se encontraron en la dimensión laboral, y especialmente en varones y en adolescentes (15-17 años). Las actitudes menos sexistas se asociaron con menor probabilidad de vivir situaciones de MNP (odds ratio = 0,71; p-tendencia < 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: El sexismo parece dificultar el reconocimiento del maltrato. Lograr la equidad de género en la adolescencia y juventud es imprescindible. Los esfuerzos deberían centrarse en los varones, por ser el grupo con actitudes más sexistas y con mayor prevalencia de MNP

AIM: To explore the association between gender-role attitudes and the recognition of abuse among adolescents and young adults during dating relationships. DESIGN: Cross-correlation study. LOCATION: 57 schools of secondary education, vocational education and university in five provinces of Spain (Huelva, Seville, A Coruña, Pontevedra and Asturias). PARTICIPANTS: 4,337 students aged between 15 and 26 years (40.6% males and 59.4% female) who had a dating relationship that lasted more than a month. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The Gender Role Attitudes Scale was used, which consists of 20 indicators of egalitarian or sexism attitudes at the family, social and occupational level. The students also reported whether they suffered from recognized abuse (RA), unperceived abuse (UPA), or not abused (NA). RESULTS: In the whole sample, 68.6% declared themselves NA, 26.4% were under a situation of UPA, and 5.0% were RA. The RA group was more frequent among the females (6.3%), ≥ 18 years (6.4%) and university students (6.9%). UPA was more common in males (30.2%). The most sexist attitudes were found in the occupational dimension and especially in men and adolescents (15-17 years). Less sexist attitudes were associated with a lower probability of experiencing UPA (odds ratio = .71; P-trend < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Sexism seems to hinder the recognition of abuse. Achieving gender equity in adolescence and youth is imperative. Public health efforts should focus on men, as they constitute the group with more sexist attitudes and with higher prevalence of UPA

[Sexist attitudes and recognition of abuse in young couples]. / Actitudes sexistas y reconocimiento del maltrato en parejas jóvenes.

AIM: To explore the association between gender-role attitudes and the recognition of abuse among adolescents and young adults during dating relationships. DESIGN: Cross-correlation study. LOCATION: 57 schools of secondary education, vocational education and university in five provinces of Spain (Huelva, Seville, A Coruña, Pontevedra and Asturias). PARTICIPANTS: 4,337 students aged between 15 and 26 years (40.6% males and 59.4% female) who had a dating relationship that lasted more than a month. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The Gender Role Attitudes Scale was used, which consists of 20 indicators of egalitarian or sexism attitudes at the family, social and occupational level. The students also reported whether they suffered from recognized abuse (RA), unperceived abuse (UPA), or not abused (NA). RESULTS: In the whole sample, 68.6% declared themselves NA, 26.4% were under a situation of UPA, and 5.0% were RA. The RA group was more frequent among the females (6.3%), ≥18 years (6.4%) and university students (6.9%). UPA was more common in males (30.2%). The most sexist attitudes were found in the occupational dimension and especially in men and adolescents (15-17 years). Less sexist attitudes were associated with a lower probability of experiencing UPA (odds ratio=.71; P-trend<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Sexism seems to hinder the recognition of abuse. Achieving gender equity in adolescence and youth is imperative. Public health efforts should focus on men, as they constitute the group with more sexist attitudes and with higher prevalence of UPA.

The Dating Violence Questionnaire: Validation of the Cuestionario de Violencia de Novios Using a College Sample From the United States.

This study provides psychometric information for the Dating Violence Questionnaire (DVQ), an instrument developed to assess intimate partner victimization among adolescents and youths. This instrument, an English version of Cuestionario de Violencia de Novios, assesses both frequency and discomfort associated with 8 types of abuse (detachment, humiliation, sexual, coercion, physical, gender-based, emotional punishment, and instrumental). Participant included 859 U.S. students enrolled in undergraduate psychology courses in a mid-Atlantic university (M = 19 years; SD = 1.5 years). One-third of the participants were males, and two-thirds were females. Regarding racial identity, around 55% of participants identified themselves as White, 22% as African American, 12% as Asian, whereas 11% selected other identities. Around 9% of participants identified themselves as Hispanic. Confirmatory factor analysis shows that the DVQ achieved adequate goodness-of-fit indexes for the original eight-factor model (X(2)/df <5; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] <.080), as well as higher parsimony when compared to simpler alternative models. The 8 scales demonstrated acceptable internal consistency indexes (α >.700), surpassing those found in the original Spanish validation. Descriptive analysis suggests higher victimization experience on subtle aggressions (detachment, coercion, and emotional punishment), with overt abuses (physical, instrumental) obtaining the smallest means; these findings were similar across gender, race identity, and ethnicity. Results of this validation study encourage the inclusion of DVQ in both research and applied contexts.

Percepción y etiquetado de la experiencia violenta en las relaciones de noviazgo juvenil / Perception and description of violent experience in youth dating relationships

Objetivo: Describir la violencia de pareja sufrida por los jóvenes e identificar las etiquetas que mejor la describen según el sexo. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo sobre una muestra de 3087 estudiantes adultos españoles. Se utilizó el Cuestionario de violencia entre novios (CUVINO), que mide ocho formas de violencia de pareja y tres etiquetas utilizadas para describirla (maltrato, miedo y atrapamiento). Se buscaron diferencias según el sexo y se utilizaron regresiones logísticas para encontrar asociaciones entre las distintas formas de violencia de pareja y su etiquetado. Resultados: El 44,6% sufrió alguna situación de violencia de pareja no percibida, fundamentalmente por 'desapego' (30,0%) y 'coerción' (25,1%). Toda forma de violencia de pareja fue más perpetrada por las mujeres. La mayor diferencia según sexo se encontró en 'castigo emocional' (sufrido por el 20,9% de los varones y el 7,6% de las mujeres) y en 'violencia física' (6,6% y 2,3%, respectivamente). El 28,7% se sintió atrapado/a, el 11,8% tuvo miedo y el 6,3% se percibió maltratado/a. Los varones se etiquetaron con más frecuencia como atrapados, pero con menos miedo y maltratados. Las forma de violencia de pareja más asociada con la sensación de atrapamiento fue la coerción, tanto en hombres (odds ratio [OR] = 3,8) como en mujeres (OR = 5,7). Conclusiones: Varones y mujeres se enfrentan a violencia de pareja durante el noviazgo de forma diferente, y sería necesario disponer de recursos para atenderlos de manera específica. Incluir preguntas sobre la sensación de atrapamiento podría contribuir a detectar precozmente la violencia de pareja. Formas de violencia sutiles, como la coerción, deberían tenerse más en cuenta en las campañas de sensibilización (AU)

Objective: To describe the intimate partner violence suffered by youth and to identify the descriptions that best classify it according to gender. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among a sample of 3,087 adult Spanish students. The CUVINO questionnaire was used, which measures 8 forms of intimate partner violence and uses 3 descriptions to classify it (abuse, fear and entrapment). Logistic regressions were carried out to identify differences by gender and associations between the subtypes of intimate partner violence and descriptions of the violent experience. Results: Nearly half of the sample (44.6%) had some situation of unperceived violence, mainly of 'detachment' (30.0%) and 'coercion' (25.1%). All subtypes of intimate partner violence were more frequently perpetrated by women. The largest difference by gender was found in 'emotional punishment' (experienced by 20.9% of men vs. 7.6% of women) and 'physical violence' (6.6% vs. 2.3%). A total of 28.7% felt trapped, 11.8% felt fear and 6.3% felt mistreated. Men more frequently described themselves as trapped, but less often as afraid or abused. The subtype of intimate partner violence most associated with the feeling of entrapment was coercion in both men (OR = 3.8) and women (OR = 5.7). Conclusions: Men and women face intimate partner violence while dating differently; resources are needed to address them specifically. The inclusion of routine questions about the sense of entrapment may contribute to the early detection of intimate partner violence. Subtle forms of violence, such as coercion, should be taken into account in awareness campaigns (AU)

[Perception and description of violent experience in youth dating relationships]. / Percepción y etiquetado de la experiencia violenta en las relaciones de noviazgo juvenil.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the intimate partner violence suffered by youth and to identify the descriptions that best classify it according to gender. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out among a sample of 3,087 adult Spanish students. The CUVINO questionnaire was used, which measures 8 forms of intimate partner violence and uses 3 descriptions to classify it (abuse, fear and entrapment). Logistic regressions were carried out to identify differences by gender and associations between the subtypes of intimate partner violence and descriptions of the violent experience. RESULTS: Nearly half of the sample (44.6%) had some situation of unperceived violence, mainly of "detachment" (30.0%) and "coercion" (25.1%). All subtypes of intimate partner violence were more frequently perpetrated by women. The largest difference by gender was found in "emotional punishment" (experienced by 20.9% of men vs. 7.6% of women) and "physical violence" (6.6% vs. 2.3%). A total of 28.7% felt trapped, 11.8% felt fear and 6.3% felt mistreated. Men more frequently described themselves as trapped, but less often as afraid or abused. The subtype of intimate partner violence most associated with the feeling of entrapment was coercion in both men (OR=3.8) and women (OR=5.7). CONCLUSIONS: Men and women face intimate partner violence while dating differently; resources are needed to address them specifically. The inclusion of routine questions about the sense of entrapment may contribute to the early detection of intimate partner violence. Subtle forms of violence, such as coercion, should be taken into account in awareness campaigns.